Skip to main content
NEU Senior Regional Support Officer
Black Britons have fought multiple ‘hostile environments’
ROGER McKENZIE explains how the Windrush scandal is rooted in a long history of legal and social opposition to black people living in Britain, but each time, political organisation has beaten racism
HISTORY REPEATING: Deputy Tory leader William Whitelaw’s plans for ‘tighter’ immigration controls are protested in Brixton, 1978

ANYONE would be forgiven for thinking that the “hostile environment” that is at the heart of the Windrush scandal began with the utterances of Theresa May when she was home secretary in May 2012.

Some may even believe that the hostile environment goes back to the racist “rivers of blood” speech by Enoch Powell in Birmingham in April 1968. Others may point to the slew of racist attacks that became a fact of everyday life for the black community after the arrival of the Empire Windrush at Tilbury docks on June 21 1948.

All of these share common themes, which I touch on below, but I want to go back to the year 1919 to talk about a strangely under-told period of a hugely hostile environment created for the significant black communities in Britain as well as the US.

The 95th Anniversary Appeal
Support the Morning Star
You have reached the free limit.
Subscribe to continue reading.
Similar stories
Home Secretary Shabana Mahmood speaking after Lucy Powell is announced as the new Deputy Leader of the Labour Party at an event in central London. Picture date: Saturday October 25, 2025
Human Rights / 29 November 2025
29 November 2025

DIANE ABBOTT warns that Shabana Mahmood’s draconian asylum proposals fuel racist scapegoating and risk demoralising Labour’s base – potentially paving the way for Farage to No 10

TENDENTIOUS: Illustration of the Cardiff riots from the Illustrated Police News, June 19 1919 - note the depiction of the black man as a knife-wielding assailant / Pic: Public domain
Racism / 15 August 2025
15 August 2025

White racist rioting has many an infamous precedent in Britain, writes DAVID HORSLEY

Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer speaking during a press conference on the Immigration White Paper in the Downing Street Briefing Room in London
Features / 16 May 2025
16 May 2025

As Starmer flies to Albania seeking deportation camps while praising Giorgia Meloni, KEVIN OVENDEN warns that without massive campaigns rejecting this new overt government xenophobia, Britain faces a soaring hard right and emboldened fascist thugs on the streets