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Why did the Soviet Union collapse and counter-revolution triumph? 
Gorbachev’s resignation as leader of the CPSU 30 years ago marked the beginning of the downfall of the USSR. While the Western nations rejoiced, the peoples of the former union saw the restoration of capitalism of a particularly violent and ruthless kind, writes ROBERT GRIFFITHS
Boris Yeltsin (main pic) and tanks assembled in Red Square in Moscow, 1991

THIRTY years ago today, Mikhail Gorbachev resigned as general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and Ukraine’s parliament ended that country’s status as a member of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

It was the beginning of the end of the Soviet Union. 

Five days earlier, a faction in the CPSU leadership had revolted against president Gorbachev’s plans to sign a new union treaty to replace the federal but politically centralised Soviet Union.

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