
HOW a government funds its expenditure is a question that all countries face. It is not confined to capitalist economies. It applies to Cuba as well as to Britain and the US.
Government expenditure invariably exceeds its income whether by design as a result of investment decisions, or due to natural disasters or war. Governments with a sovereign currency (and Britain is such a country, unlike those who are inside the EU) can simply print money to fund expenditure. However, that will lead to inflationary pressures on prices, at least in the short term, as general demand for resources increases.
Traditionally, governments have borrowed money from the private financial market through the issuance of bonds. Money is thus taken away from private finance into the hands of the government to spend.



